A Report on Entrepreneurship - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1433 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Did you like this example? Executive Summary National and worldwide business among Small and medium sized business is a subject of extensive pertinence, basically owing to the observed development impacts of cross border venturing, and the exhibited limit of SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to drive monetary advancement at national, territorial, and worldwide levels. Associations ought to incorporate development as a real competency in administration advancement plans and tie individual rewards and/or pay increments to development, as indicated by new research. Definition The word enterprise is gotten from the French verb Enterprendre. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Report on Entrepreneurship" essay for you Create order The French men who composed and headed military undertakings in the early sixteenth century alluded to as Entrepreneurs. Business enterprise is the demonstration of being an ambitious person, which can be defined according to Qian, Acs and Stough, (2012) as one who embraces developments, fund and business knowledge in an exertion to change advancements into financial products. This may bring about new associations or may be a piece of revitalizing full grown associations in light of an apparent open door (Lee, Florida and Acs, 2004). The most justifiable type of business is that of beginning another business (alluded as Startup Company); then again, as of late, the term has been stretched out to consolidate social and political manifestations of entrepreneurial movement (Huang, Ding and Chen, 2014). Agreeing Crenshaw and Yoder-Wise, (2013) Business is the deliberate movement of an individual or gathering of related people, embraced to start, keep up or magnify benefit by creati on or conveyance of monetary merchandise or administrations. As per Zahra, (2000) Business enterprise is not a science or a workmanship. It is a practice. It is information base. Learning in enterprise is an unfortunate chore, that is, by the practice. Types of Entrepreneurship Business Entrepreneurs: It is referred to the people who consider a thought for the item or administration and makes the business around it. For instance, manufacturing and pen production. The foundation of the business can be of big and small in size. Trading Entrepreneurs: It alludes to the individual who is not considered with assembling yet just attempts exchanging exercises. He is the person who distinguishes business, invigorates interest for product offering among purchaser Industrial Entrepreneurs: Essentially a maker, an individual who distinguishes the need of a client and tailors an item. They are the person who changes over monetary assets and innovative assets into productive wande rs. For example, electronic industry and material unit. Corporate Entrepreneurs: A person who shows his inventive skill in managing and organizing business undertaking. Agriculture Entrepreneur: It refers to the individual who attempts rural exercises as raising and showcasing of harvests, composts and so forth. For instance, rural tourism and assembling and marketing of fertilizers. Technical Entrepreneurs: Its can be considered as a skilled worker. They focus all the more on creation and less or immaterial on deal. Source: Casson, M. (2005). The Individual à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Opportunity Nexus: A Review of Scott Shane: A General Theory of Entrepreneurship. Creativity and Innovation The expressions, innovation and creativity are regularly utilized conversely as a part of associations. It is imperative to comprehend the distinction. Innovativeness is the era of new thoughts while, Innovation is the usage of inventive thoughts so as to produce esteem, generally throu gh lessened operational expenses, expanded salary or both i.e. changing over the thought into an effective business (Crenshaw and Yoder-Wise, 2013). Inventive is constantly creative, innovative and portrayed by being unique. In more extensive terms, imagination implies the capacity of creative energy or innovation or beginning of anything new. Innovativeness is likewise a state of mind to acknowledge changes and freshness, eagerness to play with thoughts and conceivable outcomes while searching for methods for development (Lee, Florida and Acs, 2004). Creative individuals have a tendency to be persevering, enhance thoughts and arrangements by making proceed with adjustments and refinements in their works. David Wittenberg, CEO, The Innovation Workgroup, called attention to that innovation ought to be measured regarding quality creation. He explained that people are monetary animals and therefore, any buy choice is determined by the way that the estimation of profit ought to su rpass the profit of expense. Advancement is the change of data into significant information thoughts and in this way into a noteworthy profit which may be new or enhanced items, methodologies or administrations (Huang, Ding and Chen, 2014). Fostering Creativity and Innovation In order to implement creativity and innovation in any venture, most organizations turn to a cheap and productive wellspring of development. The St. Petersburg, Fla.-based establishment built its study with respect to innovativeness scrutinize by Dr. David Rock at the Neuro Leadership Institute in Australia. The firm then investigated how associations took care of development and imagination inside their workforces, and decided the main 10 human capital practices that high-performing associationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s utilization to expand advancement (Casson, 2005). Its more than about inventing new products like the iPhone, its also about organizations changing the way they do business, says Cliff Stevenso n, senior human capital researcher at i4cp. The top practice is to utilize innovation empowered coordinated effort/social networking instruments to impart learning 36 percent of HPOs versus 14 percent of low-performing associations in the study said they did this. To be sure, IBM, one of the organizations studied by i4cp, even lets clients recommend thoughts to tackle customer issues on the organizations online discussions. This not just grows the conceptualizing process in a practical manner, however it likewise fortifies client dedication for IBM items (Casson, 2005). Organization ought to incorporate advancement as a significant competency in initiative improvement plans and tie individual rewards and/or pay increments to development, the review found. Similarly, Philadelphia-based Hay Groups study overviewed almost 7,000 head honchos as far and wide as possible about their best practices in encouraging development, and found that 90 percent of the main 20 best organizations outlined parts to be adaptable enough to react to quick undertakings, contrasted with 65 percent of their companions (Casson, 2005). Recognizing and researching business opportunities. Particularly in todays extreme business, you have to give careful consideration to the dollars side of the business. Start up financing is basically nonexistent, so youll have to characterize a sensible speculation practically from individual assets that you presently have accessible. Evaluating what is a sensible pay and a sensible time period to fulfill this wage is additionally a matter of individual determination. It is fundamental that you adjust these two contemplations so you have sufficient assets to make the beginning venture furthermore pay for your way of life while sitting tight for the business salary to develop. At the point when a venture is managing the offer of an autonomous business, the purchaser has no commitments to the dealer. Once the deals transaction is finished, the purcha ser can subscribe to any business operations framework which is ideal. Potential business opportunities: Nationally and Internationally The FTC depicts the most widely recognized sorts of business opportunity wanders broadly and globally as takes after: Distributorship:Alludes to an autonomous operator that has entered into a consent to offer and offer the result of an alternate yet is not qualified for utilize the producers exchange name as a feature of its exchange name. Rack jobber.Includes the offering of an alternate organizations items through an appropriation arrangement of racks in an assortment of stores that are adjusted by the rack merchant. Vending machine routes.Very much alike to rack jobbing. The venture is generally more prominent for this sort of business opportunity wander since the specialist must purchase the machines and additionally the stock being distributed, yet here the circumstances is turned around regarding the pay methodology. Source: Farag, H., Mallin, C. and Ow-Yong, K. (2014). Governance, Ownership Structure, and Performance of Entrepreneurial IPOs in AIM Companies. References Casson, M. (2005). The Individual à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Opportunity Nexus: A Review of Scott Shane: A General Theory of Entrepreneurship. Small Bus Econ, 24(5), pp.423-430. Crenshaw, J. and Yoder-Wise, P. (2013). Creating an Environment for Innovation: The Risk-Taking Leadership Competency.Nurse Leader, 11(1), pp.24-27. Farag, H., Mallin, C. and Ow-Yong, K. (2014). Governance, Ownership Structure, and Performance of Entrepreneurial IPOs in AIM Companies.Corporate Governance: An International Review, 22(2), pp.100-115. Huang, S., Ding, D. and Chen, Z. (2014). Entrepreneurial Leadership and Performance in Chinese New Ventures: A Moderated Mediation Model of Exploratory Innovation, Exploitative Innovation and Environmental Dynamism.Creativity and Innovation Management, p.n/a-n/a. Lee, S., Florida, R. and Acs, Z. (2004). Creativity and Entrepreneurship: A Regional Analysis of New Firm Formation.Regional Studies, 38(8), pp.879-891. Qian, H., Acs, Z. and Stough, R. (2012). Regional systems of entrepreneurship: the nexus of human capital, knowledge and new firm formation.Journal of Economic Geography, 13(4), pp.559-587. Zahra, S. (2000). Entrepreneurship in medium-size companies: exploring the effects of ownership and governance systems.Journal of Management, 26(5), pp.947-976.

Im an Immigrant and Im a Human - 1197 Words

As a product of immigration, I was shaped by the unique benefits and challenges of spending my developmental years in multiple cultures. I was born in the rural province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines but spent most of my early childhood years in the country’s capital city of Manila. When I was six years old, my family moved to Singapore for several years before settling down in Guam by my ninth birthday, when my father contracted a job with an international hotel franchise. Learning to navigate the cultural discrepancies in my life soon became a norm, one that shaped my values and priorities. Through trial and error, I developed skills to adapt and succeed across cultural boundaries as I encountered new people ceaselessly through my†¦show more content†¦The scope and depth of my learning also grew exponentially during my time at University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education (Penn GSE). Courses such as â€Å"Human Development† and â€Å"Topics of Psycho logy in Education: Risk and Prevention,† stimulated deep discussions on the conceptualizations of society and cultural worldviews that influence youth development. The dialogues helped me grasp the dynamic interactions between the individual and the ecology surrounding them, which gave me a framework to approach my research interests. A combination of research-based intervention projects equipped me with the tools to concretely delineate my future research goals and enhanced my existing motivation for the work. For example, utilizing qualitative research methods, I studied the promotion of diversity at Penn GSE and its’ effects on student experiences. I found that although the promotion of diversity had many benefits, students felt dissatisfied with the diversity-related initiatives and activities at Penn GSE because it did not align with the expectations and desires they had prior to matriculating. 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Sitting at theRead MoreEssay on Voodoo Speech726 Words   |  3 PagesWhat Will Be Covered Today, Im going to be talking about the roots of voodoo and what it actually is, the two types of voodoo, voodoo rituals and superstitions, and why voodoo is perceived as a negative or controversial topic. What Is Voodoo? Im sure everyone has their own perception of voodoo inside their head. Most people think includes black magic, evil spirits, and causing harm to others. However, voodoo is actually a complex tradition of faiths and beliefs that combine into an overallRead MorePersuasive Speech On Immigration1033 Words   |  5 PagesPersuasive Speech Title: Should states be required to educate the children of illegal immigrants? Speaker: Kevon Jones, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University student Specific Purpose: To persuade and influence the beliefs of the audience concerning the educating of undocumented children. I. Introduction/Attention A. 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Effect of Mobile Phones on Life Free Essays

Little’s Theorem Little’s Theorem (sometimes called Little’s Law) is a statement of what was a â€Å"folk theorem† in operations research for many years: N = ? T where N is the random variable for the number of jobs or customers in a system, ? is the arrival rate at which jobs arrive, and T is the random variable for the time a job spends in the system (all of this assuming steady-state). What is remarkable about Little’s Theorem is that it applies to any system, regardless of the arrival time process or what the â€Å"system† looks like inside. Proof: Define the following: ? ( t ) ? number of arrivals in the interval (0,t ) ? ( t ) ? number of departures in the interval (0,t ) N ( t ) ? number of jobs in the system at time t = ? (t ) ? ?( t ) ? ( t ) ? accumulated customer – seconds in (0,t ) These functions are graphically shown in the following figure: â‚ ¬ The shaded area between the arrival and departure curves is ? (t ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Mobile Phones on Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now ? t = arrival rate over the interval (0,t ) ? (t ) t Elec 428 Little’s Theorem N t = average # of jobs during the interval (0,t ) = ? (t) t Tt = average time a job spends in the system in (0,t ) â‚ ¬ = ? (t) ? (t) â‚ ¬ ? ? ( t ) = Tt? ( t ) T ? (t ) ? Nt = t = ? t Tt t Assume that the following limits exist: â‚ ¬ lim ? t = ? t ? lim Tt = T t ? Then â‚ ¬ lim N t = N t ? also exists and is given by N = ? T . â‚ ¬ Keywords: Little’s Law Little’s Theorem Steady state Page 2 of 2 How to cite Effect of Mobile Phones on Life, Essay examples

Stakeholder Management Responses Monitoring & Controlling

Question: Discuss about sakeholder management responses, monitoring and control of stakeholder relationship. Answer: Effective stakeholder management is extremely important for a company and this is a proven fact. Theres no single company in the world that has prospered without the support of the stakeholders and hence managing stakeholders should be given paramount importance. The classic stakeholder theory emphasises on the approach to stakeholders which helps in survival of a particular country in this scenario in the modern business companies use the stakeholder theory to effectively handle the different stakeholders. In addressing stakeholder needs and it is very important for a company to have better view of their possible stakeholders. For Pie Face Australia their stakeholders are Employees, Management who are internal stakeholders of the company and on the other hand external stakeholders of the company forms to be the Australian community, government, media, and professional bodies and finally the connected stakeholders of the company are customers, distributors, suppliers, financers, reta ilers et cetera (Aaltonen Sivonen, 2009). In this case it was clear that the stakeholders of Pie Face were not satisfied with the kind of transparency showed by the company in addressing its stakeholders. Overall it is important to mention while the company has not been able to management its stakeholders properly it is important to come up with possible stakeholder management responses which could be utilised in the present case to effectively develop stakeholder management for Pie Face. The possible responses to stakeholder management are: Implementation of change management: Implementation of change management could be a very effective response to handle stakeholder management. A change in the overall organisation will help to revamp the infrastructure, the management and the approach towards the stakeholders. For instance Pie Face has been financially unstable in the market for a long time and hence it could be said that revamping its management system will help the company to answer the needs of the stakeholders effectively. The internal stakeholders like employees would be better placed to show their skills and positive approach to develop the position of the company in the market which would help to change the approach to the operation effectively. The constant fruitful communication with the lower level and upper level employees will be effective in motivating change within the organisation (Crilly et al., 2012). Pie Face has been hit financially which means the company will be doing cost cutting in the form of t ermination and many inefficient employees will be terminated in this situation employees could be motivated to perform well to retain their jobs which will work to good effect for the company to come back to a stable position. Apart from this it could also be mentioned that external stakeholders could be kept informed about the different implementations which would help the company to handle stakeholder problems. The media and the government should be kept well informed in order to get their support effectively (Yang et al., 2011). Communication strategy: Communication is always important within a workplace setting it becomes essential during the stakeholder management procedure. There are different models of communication but they all focus on achieving one common solution that is effective communication with the stakeholders. Verbal communication is one of the mostly used communication procedure for the buildup of stakeholder relationship. Apart from that encoded messages are also in use nowadays which helps to interact with stakeholders. As stakeholders entities like media and common people like to know the updates of the company Pie Face. So far the company has not been able to effectively take up communication which would help the company to answer all the possible questions of the stakeholders. It could be said that Media is a public forum and helps in disseminating information in large scale but so far Pie Face has not been able to address their issues and inform their stakeholders for instance the likes of communities and suppliers and normal consumers about their financial problems and low production. Hence it could be said that communication strategy used by the company is not effective and has to be remodeled in order to handle stakeholders successfully (Weiss, 2014). Effective communication between stakeholders is only possible through direct verbal communication and by addressing them through the mass media. Effective communication within the system is also very important for that electronic communication and group conversation and personal communication are very effective. At the present moment there are aspects which need to be handled effectively for the smooth communication. In this context it could be said that presently the company does not have effective communication strategy as the management has internal conflict and hence the system has failed to communicate with the employees and the upper management. A direct communicative approach would be much more effective in this scenario. It is important to mention that implementation of free style communication system would be effective. Each and every department should be able to communicate with each other without any barriers and should be directly connected to the CEO. Organisational structure and design: Organisational structure is extremely important for the development of the overall operations of a company. The development in the organisational structure and culture in this case is not needed but streamlining the overall design is extremely important. It could be said that organisational structure stands to be an extremely important aspect of a business and making certain modifications in the organisational structure could be of immense help. The organisational structure of Pie Face is focused on the hierarchical view. It means all the decisions taken by the company comes through a chronological order that at times takes a lot of time to decide on certain issues. Overall it could be said that organisational structure and design in the company should be restored with few effective modifications made which would help the company to develop effective stakeholder relationship (Weiss, 2014). It is very important for the company to go for the right k ind of organisational design. There are two kinds of organisational design Mechanistic and organic designs. The mechanistic design is much more orthodox and abides by the different rules and principles lay down by the company whereas on the other hand organic structure is much looser and is based on personal coordination. It is important for the company to have an effective hierarchical structure and mechanistic design which would help the company to make decisions effectively and handle its staffs in a strict manner. As stakeholders staffs should be allowed all kinds of facilities and proper organisational structure and design will help the staffs to get adapted to the system of the work and perform effectively (Garvare johanson, 2010). Corporate Governance: The corporate governance of a company is mainly focused on developing an effective relationship with its stakeholders through addressing their needs successfully. Corporate governance within Pie Face has not been effective and hence this situation has arisen. The company has to have strong corporate governance policies which will help to develop the relationship with the stakeholders. In the recent past Pie Face has experienced troubles with its external stakeholders which have also affected the position of the company. It is important to mention that Pie Face corporate governance should involve different suitable policies of addressing the stakeholder needs. For instance indulging in Corporate Social Responsibility Activities will help the company to come close to its stakeholders and manage them in an effective way. Keeping in the touch with the investors effectively and ensuring a fruitful run for them is highly effective for the company in this scenario. It is important that from now on whatever the company does focuses on the development of its stakeholders effectively. The internal stakeholders should be regularly assessed and given rewards accordingly for the growth and development. Overall it is important to mention as the corporate governance of the company should focus on the welfare of its stakeholders it will gradually develop the financial status of the company (Verbeke Tung, 2013). Monitoring and control of stakeholder relationship The strategic stakeholder management response systems will be effective when it is kept under scanner to assess its performance. Monitoring and control of stakeholder management is extremely important as it will help to understand the effect of each and every response given for the effective stakeholder management. Controlling stakeholder relationship could be defined as the process of monitoring, controlling and engaging stakeholders in relationships which would help to develop the performance in the long run. It is important to mention that most of the stakeholder management program gets affected by poor monitoring and control of stakeholder relationship hence it has to be said that stakeholder management is properly monitored and controlled. Monitoring and controlling stakeholders is basically monitoring the different processes of engaging stakeholders within the business and controlling stakeholder engagement within the operation of the business. At Pie Face the monitoring and Co ntrolling of the stakeholder management wasnt done properly which has led to the problems within the company (Minoja, 2012). Monitoring stakeholder management means assessing the overall stakeholder engagement which helps identify loopholes in the strategy and develop accordingly to bring out suitable results. In the present case it is highly visible that communication with the stakeholder was not effective and hence the company will have to develop its communication system in order to effectively develop its stakeholder relations successfully. Colleting suitable data, assessing stakeholder engagement, identifying the risks and issues and then implementation of the strategies is the best possible monitoring and control cycle for stakeholder management. Since Stakeholder stands to be a key entity in the development of the business at this juncture with the change in organisational structure and design would clearly help the business to develop stakeholder relationship and management (McKee et al., 2010). Conclusion The present study has covered up different key aspects of the stakeholder management response and which has helped to identify the key processes of handling stakeholder management and relationship successfully. Overall it could be said that the study has been successful in meeting the objectives of the study. References Aaltonen, K., Sivonen, R. (2009). Response strategies to stakeholder pressures in global projects.International Journal of Project Management,27(2), 131-141. Crilly, D., Zollo, M., Hansen, M. T. (2012). Faking it or muddling through? Understanding decoupling in response to stakeholder pressures.Academy of Management Journal,55(6), 1429-1448. Freeman, R. E. (2010).Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Cambridge University Press. Garvare, R., Johansson, P. (2010). Management for sustainabilitya stakeholder theory.Total Quality Management,21(7), 737-744. McKee, K. B., Richardson, K., Hinton, M., Lamb, L. F. (2010).Applied public relations: Cases in stakeholder management. Routledge. Minoja, M. (2012). Stakeholder management theory, firm strategy, and ambidexterity.Journal of Business Ethics,109(1), 67-82. Verbeke, A., Tung, V. (2013). The future of stakeholder management theory: A temporal perspective.Journal of Business Ethics,112(3), 529-543. Wang, H., Qian, C. (2011). Corporate philanthropy and corporate financial performance: The roles of stakeholder response and political access.Academy of Management Journal,54(6), 1159-1181. Weiss, J. W. (2014).Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Yang, J., Shen, G. Q., Ho, M., Drew, D. S., Xue, X. (2011). Stakeholder management in construction: An empirical study to address research gaps in previous studies.International Journal of Project Management,29(7), 900-910.

Misuse of Power The Cuban Missile Crisis free essay sample

This paper considers constitutional and moral limits to the powers granted to the American President under executive privilege, especially as concerns President Kennedy?s actions during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The author examines the impacts of the misuses of power with special reference to this example. It is often said that the President of the United States is the most powerful person in the world. But is that true? What are the powers of the president, for example, in a crisis situation? And how far can he push his authority? In some cases, the Constitution is very vague about the powers of the president;Article II, section 1 states simply: The executive Power shall be vested in the President of the United States. Article II, section 3 states that the president shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed. Whatever the intent of this vagueness, future generations would be left to argue the case for or against giving more power to the president, depending on the situation. We will write a custom essay sample on Misuse of Power: The Cuban Missile Crisis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These powers, as interpreted over time, are inherent powers.

Werner syndrome essays

Werner syndrome essays This paper will discuss the what, how and who of a progressive, rare, but fatal dysfunction called Werner Syndrome. Werner syndrome affects approximately 1 in 1,000,000 individuals world- wide. However, there are some populations, mainly persons of Asian descent, who seem to be more susceptible to acquiring Werner syndrome. Werner syndrome is a syndrome that is characteristic of premature aging following puberty. Werner syndrome is a genetic disorder, whereby a person inherits an abnormal gene, predisposing them to age prematurely. Some examples of this premature aging include osteoporosis, muscle weakness, small jaws, and a striking difference between the persons appearance and his her real age. Hence by the time an individual reaches the age of 40, they often appear at least a decade older. Werner syndrome is diagnosed by, using clinical criteria. The person must exhibit symptoms and stature; they must have premature senescence or aging, scleroderma-like skin, and endocrine abnormalities. Because diagnosing Werner syndrome can sometimes be difficult to diagnose, the only available treatment for a person who has Werner Syndrome is to be supportive. There is no cure; however, doctors can treat symptoms to make the disease less painful. Signs and symptoms of Werner syndrome include, but are not limited to wrinkled skin, muscle aches and pains leading eventually to muscle atrophy, baldness, cataracts, and individuals are more susceptible to Diabetes mellitus. In addition, you will began to develop a skull that is relatively large, with a disproportionate lower part of the face, a high pitched voice, and the nose is pinched and the cheeks are sunken, because of fat loss which causes the bird like facial appearance. The average age of death is 47, usually as a result of some secondary disease, such as cancer or heart disease. Care for the person with Werner syndrome includes, checking the blood sugar lev...

Retirement Investments in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Retirement Investments in the USA - Essay Example Some of them may look good on papers but in practice, it may not bring dividends to the retired people. Some other investment plans are exempted from tax at the time of investments, but on maturity, people were forced to pay heavy amounts as taxes. This paper analyses benefits and drawbacks of various retirement options available in the United States at present like the IRA, Roth IRA, SEP IRA, 401k and Roth 401k etc. Â  IRA refers to Individual Retirement Accounts whereas Roth IRA (named after its legislative sponsor William Roth) refers to an Individual Retirement Arrangement (IRA) allowed under the tax law of the United States. Â  Kennon (2010) has mentioned some of the major advantages and disadvantages of IRA’s and Roth IRA’s. In his opinion IRA’s are attractive because; IRA taxes are paid only on earnings, it is available to everyone without any income restrictions, funds can be used to purchase a variety of investments like stocks, bonds, certificates of deposits etc (Kennon). Some of the retirement investment options available in America at present are constrained to ordinary people because of the income restrictions. For example, Roth IRA schemes are available only to a particular community who earns more. The investor in IRA’s need does not worry much about the taxes as the tax is calculated based on the earnings rather than the principal amount. For example, it is possible that an investor in an IRA scheme may gain or lose heavy amounts because of the fluctuations in the stock market. Only the persons who gain something from their investments need to pay taxes whereas th e losers need not pay anything as taxes in case of IRA’s. Â  The major drawbacks of IRA’s are related to the withdrawal rules according to Kennon (2010). Investments in IRA’s cannot be continued by an investor when he crosses the age of 70.5 years. Moreover, an investor needs to pay 10% penalty if the funds were withdrawn before the age of 59.5 years (Kennon).

Electric Wheel Chair Training Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Electric Wheel Chair Training Method - Essay Example When addressing the history of the organization, the voice should be audible to the audience to aid understanding by the audience. On the other hand, confidence is a fundamental aspect when handling orientation to company policies. Self-belief is a significant presentation skill when orienting new employees in the organization. Confidence gives the audience the hope that the trainer is outlining the organization guidelines; the self-assurance portrayed by the trainer play a great role in the understanding of the audience. During the orientation to company rules, confidence should be displayed by the trainer. This helps in laying a firm foundation to the new employees on the issue of the company rules and regulation (TimeToMarket, 2014). In order for a trainer to be able to handle the manufacturing plant and the safety protocols, the trainer requires to have the presentation skill to maintain eye contact with their audience. For instance, by maintaining the eye contact with preferred spectators, the new employees become very serious because they tend to think that the trainer is keen on them. In addition, by attaining the trainee attention, the trainer can tackle the manufacturing procedures, which are followed during the production of products. Moreover, having the attention of the trainees, the trainer can point out the safety precaution to be adhered to while in the organization location. However, when training new members on the different parts of the electric wheelchair parts, the presentation pace should be relatively slow. In this context, the instructor should ensure that the pace of explaining and showing the sections is a bit slower. In this regard, the trainees can understand every section that is explain ed to them. In the same context, the coach should ensure that their speed is neither too fast nor too slow; this enhances the perceptive comprehending of the

Create Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Create - Assignment Example Executive Assistant position suctioning for parlay of customer service, demonstrated organization, project management and communication skills proven by 10 years of affluent, profitable self-employment. Personable, motivated business professional with college degrees and a prosperous 10-year profitable small business ownership track record. Talent for speedily adapting technology- currently completed Microsoft Office Suite certificate course. Tactful and diplomatic with non-professionals and professionals at all levels. Acquainted to handle confidential, sensitive records. Established history of producing timely, accurate reports that meet stringent HMO along with insurance guidelines. Versatile and flexible- able to retain a sense of humor even under pressure. Competent and posed with established ability to quickly transcend cultural differences. Good team-building skills. Thrive in environments driven by

Christmas and Chinese New Year Festival | Comparison

Christmas and Chinese New Year Festival | Comparison After researching both Christmas and the Chinese New Year Festival, interesting similarities between the two unique celebrations came into fruition. For instance, both contain traditional meals, presents, feasts, decorations, songs, poems, God(s), folk lore, and are family oriented occasions. When discovering similarities, there were also perceptible differences between the two, such as the time of year, and the significance of the occasion within their respective cultures. This paper will be showcasing both Christmas, and the Chinese New Year Festival in terms of their origins, as well as the similarities and differences they both share. Christmas is a religious celebratory holiday, which embraces the birth of Jesus Christ. Christmas Eve takes place on December 24th, the day before Jesus Christ is born. This is the day where family members gather for a festive meal, which in North America, usually consists of a large turkey, mashed potatoes, stuffing, vegetables, gravy and wine. It is significant to know that different cultures may eat different meals. According to Wikipedia.org, â€Å"In Poland, traditional Christmas Eve meals include one or more of the following foods: Golabki filled with Kasza, Pierogi, Borscht, fish soup, carp, and pickled Herring. Krupnik is sometimes drunk after dinner,†[1] and â€Å"In the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria, a coin is concealed in a bread loaf and the host breaks a piece of the loaf at the dinner table for each member of the household: it is believed that the one who gets the piece of bread with the coin will be fortunate in the forthcoming year. The dinner is accordin g to the rules of fasting: fish, baked beans, sauerkraut, walnuts and red wine are common. The dessert may consist of apples and dried fruits: plums, dates, figs. The table is usually not cleared after the dinner and until the next morning, to leave some food for the holly spirits a custom which probably comes from pagan pre-Christian times.†[2] Also, there are many families whom may attend mass or choose to â€Å"divine fast†[3]on this day, as a means to celebrate on the night before Jesus birth. It is important to know that non-religious individuals may also celebrate Christmas as well, whom primarily focus on the family, feasting, and gift giving aspect of Christmas. Some may view Santa Claus, a mythological figure, to be more important than Jesus Christ. Santa Claus is known for travelling across the world on December 24th, from the North Pole, delivering presents to the â€Å"nice† children, while the â€Å"naughty† children receive a lump of coal. H ence, Santas list for delivering gifts to children is called the â€Å"naughty or nice list.† Santa Clause originates from â€Å"St. Nicholas, whom tried to help others while inspiring his virtues. Legends of his unselfish giving spread all over Northern Europe, and accounts of his heroic deeds blended with regional folklore. Eventually, the image of the stately saint was transformed onto an almost mystical being, one known for rewarding the good and punishing the bad.†[4] How Santa Clauss name came to be in North America was due to Dutch immigrants whom â€Å"presented Sinterklaas (meaning St. Nicholas) to the colonies. In their excitement, many English-speaking children uttered the name so quickly that Sinterklaas sounded like Santy Claus. After years of mispronunciation, the name evolved into Santa Claus.†[5] December 25th is the day where Jesus Christ, known to many Christians as their savior, is born. This is the day where a few individuals will put up nume rous decorations, although many will decorate in advance. Examples of decorations used for Christmas are; miniature size nativity scene figures, stockings, wreaths, ornaments, candles, mistletoes, garlands, poinsettias, Christmas lights and most importantly, the Christmas tree. â€Å"The origin of the tree is credited to Saint Boniface (circa 722) who stopped a child from becoming a human sacrifice to a pagan god by striking down the oak tree destined for use as the stake. A fir tree sprang up in its place and he declared it a holy tree and instructed the faithful to carry one to their homes and surround it with love and gifts.†[6] Ultimately, the blending of numerous cultures is how Santa Claus, as well as the numerous traditions on Christmas Eve and Day, came to be. The Chinese New Year Festival is a major holiday, which has been celebrated in mainland China for many centuries, taking place on â€Å"the second New Moon after the winter solstice.†[7] It is significant to know that this festival is also celebrated in other countries by its Chinese inhabitants, while various foreigners have been known to participate in the festivities as well. During this coming year, 2010, the Chinese will be celebrating the year of the tiger, the first day being on February 14th. â€Å"According to tales and legends, the beginning of Chinese New Year started with the fight against a mythical beast called the Nien (Chinese: ?;pinyin: nià ¡n). Nien would come on the first day of New Year to devour livestock, crops, and even villagers, especially children. To protect themselves, the villagers would put food in front of their doors at the beginning of every year.†[8] The Chinese not only used food as a means to protect themselves from Nian, but they al so released firecrackers, and wore red attire. Hence, the color red is strongly used throughout the festival, such as clothing, decorations, envelopes, sweets, gifts, etc. When families come together, they will feast on meat, noodles, rice, dumplings, mandarin oranges, sweets, and so forth. Before the feast, which takes place on the Eve of Chinese New Year, red envelopes with money inside and gifts should have already been distributed amongst family members, and children. The Chinese New Year consists of fifteen days, with the majority of the days each signifying different customs and actions. For instance, â€Å"The first day of the Lunar New Year is â€Å"the welcoming of the gods of the heavens and earth.† Many people abstain from meat on the first day of the new year because it is believed that this will ensure long and happy lives for them,†[9] â€Å"The fifth day is called Po Woo. On that day people stay home to welcome the God of Wealth. No one visits families and friends on the fifth day because it will bring both parties bad luck,†[10] â€Å"the seventh day of the New Year is the day for farmers to display their produce. These farmers make a drink from seven types of vegetables to celebrate the occasion. The seventh day is also considered the birthday of human beings. Noodles are eaten to promote longevity and raw fish for success,†[11] and on â€Å"the 10th through the 12th are days that friends and relatives should be invited for dinner. After so much rich food, on the 13th day you should have simple rice congee and mustard greens (choi sum) to cleanse the system.†[12] These are just a few of the customs that the Chinese celebrate throughout their New Year Festival. â€Å"It is also the tradition that every family thoroughly cleans the house to sweep away any ill-fortune in hopes to make way for good incoming luck. Windows and doors will be decorated with red color paper-cuts and couplets with popular themes of â €Å"happiness†, â€Å"wealth†, and â€Å"longevity†.†[13] Decorations are usually red, consisting of pictures, greetings, and Chinese idioms. On the fifteenth and final day of the Chinese New Year Festival, the Lantern Festival takes place. During this period, numerous individuals decorate the streets with Lanterns they have lit, which are primarily red. Some people may add their own unique individuality to a lantern, by adding a song or a poem to it. The Chinese New Year Festival is a high-spirited, content time where family and friends come together in order to celebrate years of tradition, such as feasts, decorations, gifts, envelopes, mythology, fortune gods, national pride, etc. It is also an influential festival that has spread across the world, blending in with copious cultures. It is fascinating to learn that Christmas and the Chinese New Year have actual similarities, with slight variations to them. For instance, the use of flowers is strongly used in both celebrations, although the Chinese convention for flowers has a more significant meaning within their culture. A certain flower can symbolize different connotations, for instance, longevity, luck, prosperity, tranquility, health, etc. The Chinese are known for using many different flowers for the Chinese New Year Festival, such as pussy willows, plum blossoms, water lilies, bamboo, and so forth. For example, the reason for using pussy willows for the Chinese New Year is â€Å"In Cantonese, â€Å"Yin Liu† sounds like â€Å"Yin Lou† which is similar to â€Å"Yin Liang† (money). Therefore, having this plant around during Chinese New Year would represent the invitation of abundant luck and prosperity into homes.†[14] As for western cultures, when celebrating Christmas, individuals use flowers mostly as decorations. It is principal to know, that there is an origin story of how the poinsettia became the official flower for Christmas. â€Å"The poinsettia is a shrub that features green leaves combined with red, white, or pink leaves surrounding tiny yellow flowers. Used by the Aztecs as a dye and medicine, it is native to Mexico and Central America where it is known as â€Å"Flores de Noche Buena† (Flower of the Holy Night) and was used in these areas by Franciscan friars in Nativity processions as early as the 17th century.†[15] In terms of sweets and baked goods, sticky cake and Christmas cake closely resemble one another. Sticky cake, also known as Neen Gow, is a fruitcake that can be either steamed or baked. This particular cake is made in appreciation for the kitchen god. The Christmas cake started out as porridge from the English, evolving over the past couple of centuries into a fruit cake. The ingredients usually consist of eggs, flour, su gar, butter, marzipan, spices, dried fruit, spices, and whisky. â€Å"All Christmas cakes are made in advance. Many make them in November, keeping the cake upside down in an airtight container. A small amount of brandy, sherry or whisky is poured into holes in the cake every week until Christmas. This process is called â€Å"feeding† the cake.†[16]Both celebrations are also known for the process of giving and receiving gifts to friends and/or relatives. For instance, during the Chinese New Year, individuals will give gifts, which â€Å"are usually brought when visiting friends or relatives at their homes. Common gifts include fruits (typically oranges, and never pears), cakes, biscuits, chocolates, candies, or some other small gift.†[17] Christmas gifts are also distributed, and some gifts can be similar to those that are given on the Chinese New Year, but Christmas gifts usually consist from a large variety of options. For example, food, alcohol, jewelry, elect ronics, toys, household appliances, automobiles, etc. Christmas and the Chinese New Year are both important celebratory occasions, which can bring joy and anticipation amongst those whom celebrate these events. These are times when family, friends and even complete strangers, can come together in harmonious enthusiasm. Both events contain similarities, such as, folk lore, feasts, decorations, gifts, traditions, songs, poems, flowers, God(s), games, etc. Christmas, a westernized occasion, may contain different significance and symbolic meanings to those whom celebrate it rather than those whom celebrate the Chinese New Year. But, the most important thing about these two occasions, even with their differences, is they bring people together, and are both accepting towards all cultures and beliefs. Works Cited Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.wikipedia.org/chinesesnewyear Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.educ.uvic.ca/faculty/mroth/438/CHINA/taboos.html Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.ci.lenoir.nc.us/index.asp?Type=B_EVSEC=%7BF083A2AC-A24E-4B3B-8944-F912226F078D%7DDE=%7B817E6FA1-42C1-4B01-8A28-F0EF2477494F%7D Retrieved November 27, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.familyculture.com/holidays/chinese_new_year.htm (December.2, 2001)The Guide to Life, the Universe and Everything. Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A665949 (February.8, 2007) Popular Chinese New Year Plants. Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.nparks.gov.sg/blogs/garden_voices/index.php/2007/02/08/popular-chinese-new-year-plants/ Davis, John K. (November.10, 2009)The Origins of Traditional Holiday Plants. Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://botany.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_origins_of_traditional_christmas_plants Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.nparks.gov.sg/blogs/garden_voices/index.php/2007/02/08/popular-chinese-new-year-plants/ Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://botany.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_origins_of_traditional_christmas_plants Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.northpolesantaclaus.com/santahistory.htm Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A665949 Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.chinapage.com/newyear.html Retrieved November 27, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve References Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.wikipedia.org/chinesesnewyear Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.educ.uvic.ca/faculty/mroth/438/CHINA/taboos.html Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.ci.lenoir.nc.us/index.asp?Type=B_EVSEC=%7BF083A2AC-A24E-4B3B-8944-F912226F078D%7DDE=%7B817E6FA1-42C1-4B01-8A28-F0EF2477494F%7D Retrieved November 27, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.familyculture.com/holidays/chinese_new_year.htm (December.2, 2001)The Guide to Life, the Universe and Everything. Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A665949 (February.8, 2007) Popular Chinese New Year Plants. Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.nparks.gov.sg/blogs/garden_voices/index.php/2007/02/08/popular-chinese-new-year-plants/ Davis, John K. (November.10, 2009)The Origins of Traditional Holiday Plants. Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://botany.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_origins_of_traditional_christmas_plants Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.nparks.gov.sg/blogs/garden_voices/index.php/2007/02/08/popular-chinese-new-year-plants/ Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://botany.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_origins_of_traditional_christmas_plants Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.northpolesantaclaus.com/santahistory.htm Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A665949 Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.chinapage.com/newyear.html Retrieved November 27, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve Retrieved November 27,2009 from http://www.calendar-updates.com/info/holidays/us/christmaseve.aspx Retrieved November 27, 2009 from http://www.ornamentshop.com/history_story/part1.asp Retrieved November 27, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve Retrieved November 27, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve Retrieved November 27, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.northpolesantaclaus.com/santahistory.htm Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.northpolesantaclaus.com/santahistory.htm (December.2, 2001)The Guide to Life, the Universe and Everything. Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A665949 Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.chinapage.com/newyear.html Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.wikipedia.org/chinesesnewyear Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.educ.uvic.ca/faculty/mroth/438/CHINA/taboos.html Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.educ.uvic.ca/faculty/mroth/438/CHINA/taboos.html Retrieved November.28 2009 from http://www.educ.uvic.ca/faculty/mroth/438/CHINA/taboos.html Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.educ.uvic.ca/faculty/mroth/438/CHINA/taboos.html Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.ci.lenoir.nc.us/index.asp?Type=B_EVSEC=%7BF083A2AC-A24E-4B3B-8944-F912226F078D%7DDE=%7B817E6FA1-42C1-4B01-8A28-F0EF2477494F%7D (February.8, 2007) Popular Chinese New Year Plants. Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.nparks.gov.sg/blogs/garden_voices/index.php/2007/02/08/popular-chinese-new-year-plants/ Davis, John K. (November.10, 2009)The Origins of Traditional Holiday Plants. Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://botany.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_origins_of_traditional_christmas_plants Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.familyculture.com/holidays/chinese_new_year.htm Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_New_Year Gulf of Tonkin Incident: Military Investigation Gulf of Tonkin Incident: Military Investigation Military Intelligence Organizations Military Intelligence is a division of military the purpose of which is to exploit the number of information collected and analysis techniques in order to provide guidance and directions to commanders in support of the crucial decisions made by them. They do it by performing an analysis and assessment of the available data which they gathers from wide range of sources, guiding and directing the commanders to make decisions or respond to focused questions as part of their operational campaign. The collected information is first identified and then incorporated into the process of intelligence collection, analysis and dissemination. Military Intelligence Organizations have played their role in resolving conflicts in any nation. Discusses here is the Gulf of Tonkin Incident and the role of U.S. Military Intelligence Organizations to resolve it. The incident took place on August 2 4 1964 (Kim, 1999). This was the incident that helped the America’s involvement in Vietnam War. Gulf of Tonkin Incident Overview When President Lyndon b. took over charge of the country after the death of President John F. Kennedy, he became worried about the South Vietnam’s ability to keep away the Communist Viet Cong guerillas that were actively operating at that time in the country. In order to follow the established policy of containment, the Secretary of Defense at that time Robert McNamara started to increase the military aid to South Vietnam (Trueman, 2000). Many Norwegian built fast patrol boats (PTFs) were purchased and sent to South Vietnam. These PTFs helped in conducting a series of attacks on coastal areas of South Vietnam as part of Operation 34A. 34A was originally began by Central Intelligence Agency in 1961, it was a extremely classified program of the covert operations against North Vietnam. Due to several early failed attacks, in 1964 it was transferred to Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group, and the focus of it was shifted towards maritime operations. In due course of time, U.S. Navy was also instructed to conduct Desoto patrols off the North Vietnam. The Desoto Patrols consisted of the American warships cruising in international waters in order to conduct electronic surveillance operations (Shane, 2001). As a result of 34A and the Desoto Patrols, the ships offshore were made able to collect important information about the North Vietnamese Military capabilities. The First Attack On July 31, 1964 the destroyer USS Maddox conducted the Desoto Patrol off North Vietnam (Paterson, 2008). Under the operational command of Captain John J. Herrick, it steamed through the Gulf of Tonkin collecting intelligence information. This mission was accompanied by several 34A attacks including many big attacks on two islands of North Vietnam. The Government of North Vietnam decided to strike the USS Maddox and on August 2, three Soviet built P-4 Motor torpedo boats were dispatched to attack the destroyer. About twenty-eight miles cruising in international waters, the torpedo caught the USS Maddox. In the meanwhile, Herrick requested for air support from the U.S. Air Force. The request was granted and the four F-8 Crusaders were sent towards the Maddox position. Herrick also ordered to fire the three warning shots if the torpedo reaches a range of 10,000 yards of ship. These warning shots were fired and the P-4s launched their first torpedo attack. The Maddox scored fire on P-4s and was just being hit by one 14.5 millimeter machine gun bullet. Soon after fifteen minutes, the F- crusades arrived to rescue the Maddox and started hitting the targeted fires on North Vietnamese boats, damaging the two and leaving the third one dead in the waters. The attack was retreated and the Maddox returned to join its friends but the Desoto mission was continued as per orders of the commander in the Pacific. The Second Attack On August 4, the American radars, sonar and radio signals were received of another North Vietnam attacks. Taking evasive action, the U.S. Maddox fired on numerous radar signals targets. After this incident (Parados, 2004), Herrick was not sure that his ship was attacked by the North Vietnam. Reporting at 1:27 AM Washington times that due to freak weather, the radar and sonar signals did report some of the enemy ships but nothing has been visualized by the Maddox. After suggesting the complete evaluation of the affair conducted by the U.S military intelligence, Herrick radioed a request asking for a complete reconnaissance in daylight by the aircrafts. But the American aircrafts flying over the area failed to find out any North Vietnam ship. Although there were doubts about the second attack, those present on Maddox were convinced that the attack did happen. This along with the flawed signals intelligence from the National Security Agency led the forces to attack retaliatory airstrikes against North Vietnam. On August 5, the Operation Pierce Arrow saw aircrafts from USS Ticonderoga and USS Constellation strike and attack about thirty North Vietnam vessels. Although the subsequent research and records prove that the second attack didn’t happen. This was also reinforced by the statements from the retired Vietnamese Defense Minister who admitted the August 2 attack but denied the second attack. After ordering the airstrikes, soon Johnson went on to address the nation on television regarding the incident. He in his address requested the passage of a resolution, which expresses the unity and determination of the United States in support of their freedom and in the hope to protect peace in the Southeast Asia (Cohen Solomon, 1994). He also argued that he didn’t want a wider war, and said that United States would continue to protect its national interests. As approved on August 6, 1964, the Southeast Asia (Gulf of Tonkin) Resolution, gave Johnson the power to use military intelligence and force in the region without requiring a declaration of war. Later on over the next few years, Johnson used this resolution to rapidly escalate the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. Intelligence has fulfilled the wider ranging and very important functions in different section including security, diplomacy and statecraft (Augustin, 2009). However in past few years, the role of military intelligence in resolution of conflicts has expanded and broadened its range and now it forms the core element of conflict management policies and procedures. Ancient Greece is the first democracy in the world. It has established several institutions that served as intelligence services. Proxenia were the upper class citizens of Greece who served as top class agents. They used to collect information and even executed the assassinations if required. The Heralds collected the public and private information. Both were protected by the Law of Greece and only the Heralds used to get the rewards of bringing good news back to the nation. Greece impressive political and military achievements really lacked the true intelligence system like today. Although they didn’t have the proper intelligence system like today but still they had the intelligence cycle existed in their military endeavors. The two major requirements of intelligence services are democratic control and the effectiveness of the actions and activities (Augustin, 2009). African countries always had difficulties in managing and creating the solid intelligence systems. The territory of the Sahara Dessert is always problematic so the military intelligence related to that area is restricted. In 1997, the African countries created a security sector reform whose purpose was to try and narrow the challenges and constraints of developing a proper military intelligence system in the area. The main challenges that African countries are facing these days include the legacy of the African socialism and colonialism, autocratic military and security services and the unknown and informal activities of the military intelligence services. Gambia established the National Intelligence Agency in order to protect the regime. The unsuccessful attempts of Eisenhower and Kennedy to remove Castro from the power are considered as the failed military intelligence actions (Augustin, 2009). According to them the biggest threat to democracy is the communism. In Cuba, the America supported the Batista leading anti-communist government. After Castro being elected to power, he started quickly eliminating his enemies. And started to nationalize the economy and created knots with the USSR. His actions made it clear by 1960 that he was following the communism path for the Cuba. Eisenhower tried to remove the Castro from power by training Anti-Castro forces and sneaking them into Cuba. They began to target the Cuban sugar fields and the CIA developed an assassination program to eliminate Castro. Although such attempts were failed again and again, Kennedy tried to invade the Cuba by the Bay of Pigs operation but that was again a failure. This was all due to the strong military intelligence of Castro which saved him from all the American attacks. The Shah of Iran has a weak legitimacy and had lot of enemies (Augustin, 2009), ], so to overcome them in 1957, he formed the SAVAK, a national intelligence and security organization. The SAVAK served a tool to torture and eliminated anyone who could prove as a threat to the Shah and his dynasty. No open opposition was allowed against the institution in Iran during Shah Regime, but with the passage of time the resistance of people became worst. Khomeini got exiled to Iraq and then to France because of his increasing popularity and threat to his life. In 1977, censorship law was introduced in Iran in order to retain the Shah’s power but due to his detachment from the public, the public dismissed him and Khomeini came to power after the over throw of the Shah of Iran .In 1980 under the rule of Reagan (Augustin, 2009), The U.S. Intelligence Community realized a need for more intense intervention in Central America in order to stop the communist expansion. El Salvador’s mil itary government was the only potential barrier against the communism in the Central America. The DIA also tried to help the government of El Salvador to assist them fight against the leftist group called as FMLN. The DIA worked and operated with the direct military intelligence information sharing and between 1987 to 1989 a guerilla attack was made by the FMLN which surprised the El Salvador and the American armies. This also showed that how little the U.S support helped. Over all the defense of the El Salvador is considered as the failure in the history of the U.S. military intelligence. Intelligence is basically the sociological phenomenon that is used for the information gathering and to ensure the prevention of hostility (Augustin, 2009). It is important to differentiate between the intelligence that has been existed in any nation and the intelligence that is established as a result of state concept. Intelligence cycle, covert actions and counter intelligence are all the components necessary for decision making process. Intelligence focuses on the hostility both in democracies and non-democracies tenures. Intelligence in democratic system must have strong relations with the citizens and must work under a legal framework. The functions and scope of working of intelligence agencies must be clarified and their methods of working and sources of information must be protected. However intelligence in the non-democratic system concentrates more on internal opposition rather than external threats. So the intelligence is outside of the scope of legal framework in non-democ ratic system while intelligence in democracies should only be used to measure level of democracy in the country. In 1960, the Egyptian forces entered in Sinai which was a big surprise to Israel (Augustin, 2009). The IDF couldn’t respond in time and it lead to the result that intelligence was needed for an earlier warning of possible Egyptian attack. The methods or tools for an earlier warning were HUMINT, the SIGINT and the VISINT. The 1960 rotten affair and the 1973 Vom Kippur war failure show failure of the intelligence system and a need for strong intelligence system. References [1] Sankt Augustin (2009), Intelligence and Democracies in Conflict and Peace, retrieved from,  http://www.kas.de/israel/en/publications/18450/ [2] Tom Kim (1999), The Gulf of Tonkin Incident 1964, retrieved from,  http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/usa/GulfTonkin.html [3] Chris Trueman (2000), Gulf of Tonkin 1964, retrieved from  http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/gulf_tonkin_1964.htm [4] Scot Shane (2001), The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, retrieved from  http://911review.com/precedent/century/tonkin.html [5] Lieutenant Commander Pat Paterson, U.S. Navy (2008), The Truth about Tonkin, retrieved from  http://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2008-02/truth-about-tonkin [6]  John Parados (2004), The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, 40 Years later, retrieved from  http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB132/ [7] Jeff Cohen and Norman Solomon (1994), 30-Years anniversary, Tonkin Gulf Lie Launched Vietnam War, retrieved from  http://fair.org/media-beat-column/30-year-anniversary-tonkin-gulf-lie-launched-vietnam-war/

Is Of mice and men a pessimistic story? Essay -- English Literature

Is Of mice and men a pessimistic story? Of mice and men is a great novel. It covers many points, racism, sexism, the depression and a lot of others. To some people the novel is an optimistic story to others it is pessimistic. But which is it really? "Of mice and men" covers a lot of points; the depression with people going from job to job wandering and not getting a long-term job. Lennie and George go from job to job starting from the town, weed and then going to the new ranch. They did not like it there and they were going to leave in a few months to go to a new place. Candy even says to George that you really are here to work then, we have a lot of people come in on the Saturday get their meal and bed until Sunday and then go. This is an example of the depression, candy s...